my last ap of junior year.

 The end of the year has arrived and so has the course Policy. We've spent the class learning about government and the three branches that make up the American federal government. The second unit has been a combination of Executive and Judicial branches. We met with the consulting firm Deloitte to learn about their role in politics, and our class visited the federal courthouse to learn about the judicial system.

    World War 2 was a war that exposed the nations involved for their flaws and strengths, ultimately becoming a test, while also being a fight for survival. The countries involved in the war  were; Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, france, Greece, germany, India, italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, USS, Yugoslavia. 

-Blitzkrieg which was lightening war that used rapid attacks with arms, tanks and aircraft with the goal to “overwhelm” the enemy. This was mainly used by the Germans early on in the war to gain territory. 

-poison gasses were used in Nazi concentration camps to kill millions civilians (Holocaust) and by the Japanese army in Asia. -Nerve agents are stockpiled by the Nazis, but chemical weapons are not used on European battlefields. -bombs were used for targets and cities by Japanese. (Pearl Harbor,

-Nuclear weapons-Atomic Bombs (Nagasaki, Hiroshima)

Immediate Causes	Underlying Causes
-Germans gaining territory; Nazi Party getting stronger and invading Poland in 1939;  They wanted to gain control with the Nazi Party and Hitler.  -Japan trying to expand in Asia; bombing Pearl Harbor -Pearl Harbor Attack-attack on naval base which pushed US into the war	-Treaty of Versailles-Germany had to pay a lot of money for WWI -The Great Depression and Stock Market Crash (1929)

 World War II was a just war as it was necessary to defend democracy and the United States was justified into entering the war as a matter of self-defense.

    FDR was the president at the time. He had a major role in getting the US involved in the war. Initially, FDR had a position of being neutral but after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, he changed to feeling the need to defend America Initially when World War II started in 1939, FDR kept a position of neutrality. He did not want the US involved in the conflict. However, after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the public opinion played a part in swaying FDR into entering the war.  During his fireside chats, he would give the American people hope. One of the other reasons that he was concerned over the democracy was the Nazi party gaining control of Europe especially moving closer to Britain. He realized that something had to be done so during one of his Fireside Chats, he announce that America would be the “arsenal of democracy” though the Lend-Lease program. This basically was a program where the United States could provide any arsenal to Britain or any other country that the US felt was “vital to US security”. 

    As the war began, America’s position was to remain neutral. So, Congress responded with passing the Neutrality Acts. These Acts prevented the US from being brought into another war. The Acts stopped war sales of weapons to countries that were against the Allies as well as preventing citizen travel on ships owned by countries not aligned with the US.  Also, the US started a “cash and carry” policy. It was inclined to help the British with defense against the Axis powers but for other nations, they would have the opportunity to buy arms from the US as long as the country itself set up the transportation. This maintained the US neutrality. However, after the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war. So, Congress declared war the next day on Japan and then on Germany and Italy as they were allies of Japan. The Lend/Lease Act and Cash and Carry Policy helped the Allied countries receives arms and supplies from the US.

    FDR proposed this policy to make sure that resources were given out efficiently as well as coordinating the making of war materials in the US. The idea here was to establish the US as an industrial base and make it a war leader. The WPB had the power to prioritize and get resources needed like materials, equipment and labor to help the efforts of the war. It also regulating the goods purchased by it citizens so that there was enough resources for the military through rationing. The idea here was to prevent any shortages of materials and supplies to help the war and make sure the armed forces had everything they needed. This helped to boost the American economy after struggling through the Depression to becoming a war material making machine. 

    In looking at the US engagement in the war, analyzing the key war-time policy and applying a SCOTUS interpretation of the Constitiution, World War II was a just war. The United States’s initial position of neutrality was won where it helped its Allied alliances with weapon supplies and materials. However that changed after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. At this point, America’s democracy felt threatened so the US had no choice but to enter the war to protect any threats posed to not only America but its Allies. The day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Congress declared war on Japan with only a single vote against entering the war, having an almost unanimous decision. It is the fundamental right as upheld by the Constitution that gives Congress the power to declare war and for the President to direct the military. Likewise, they were just in case of Korematsu when he refrused to enter an interment camp. The Supreme Court ruling was based on what was happening in the country at the time after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. It was justified to move into protection as the military thought it was appropirate to do so given what happened. So, while Korematsu might have felt his American rights were being violated based on race, the goverment was acting on the war time policy and was just in doing so.

This term has challenged me to think about policy, a concept I have never previously pondered. I wondered what I could get out of this course, however i gained a lot of information. 

Works Cited

bull, dr. Stephen. (2008). WordPress.com. https://armymenwargaming.files.wordpress.com/2018/05/wwii-infantry-tactics.pdf. https://armymenwargaming.files.wordpress.com/2018/05/wwii-infantry-tactics.pdf

fdr, caft. (2023). World War II facts. FDR Presidential Library & Museum. https://www.fdrlibrary.org/wwii-facts

imw, .org. (2022). The German “Lightning War” strategy of the Second World War. Imperial War Museums. https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/the-german-lightning-war-strategy-of-the-second-world-war 

Inferring Infrastructural Ideas

In this unit, we are talking about flow. In the broader umbrella of urban planning, flow can pertain to a lot of different subjects, such as work space flow, traffic flow, and efficiency in environmental renewability. Some examples in the real world are Whitney design firm, where we visited and discussed their work and how they make a workspace “work”, and even got to see an office space in construction. We also talked with Itay Porat, who talked to us about the environmental standpoint and gave us examples like landfill parks to show that there is progress being made. So, we have been tasked with redesigning a small area of a city or place to make it “flow” better.

The property I have decided to redesign is in Australia. This is someone's house, who awfully designed the property. There appears to be a house behind a house, but to access the second house, you must drive past the first one, open a gate, then drive in the property. Imagine the amount of carbon emissions that could be saved if this house was just one house that multiple people lived in! However, this is an incredible defense mechanism against home intruders, having a sacrificial house to be robbed before yours, as well as fortification against enemies from the front, like old cities used to. This space needs to be redesigned into a better defending unit, and a less carbon emitting, more eco friendly environment.

NO,BEVOP,2023
NO,BEVOP,2023

This is the property id be repurposing for the public. My plan is to create a community space for nature observation and park management.
Changes being made:

Tearing down the current property using eminent domain


Replace the driveway with foundation


Create one large community area


Add windows to sides


Add solar

Math Stuff

Total area: 10,588.93 ft² (983.74 m²)

Total distance: 458.89 ft (139.87 m)
170x62ft^2
1:50, =3.4ftx1.4ft= 3.6x1.6ft/10/4= total scale
Volume of Total Structure = 37.52×18.20×11.50 = 7852.936 inches3

Tree Volume= 1.79×1.79×6 = 19.2246 inches3

tree area = 3.2inches ^2

Fairfield park (The area id be redesigning): “Excellent spot on the Yarra to bring friends or family from overseas. The amphitheater is worth the drive alone but the real highlight is the historic boathouse.” 

-ET3121, ausii (2023) One of the best spots in Melbourne - Review of Fairfield Park, Fairfield, Australia, Tripadvisor. Available at: https://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g2019293-d13477760-r710365336-Fairfield_Park-Fairfield_Yarra_Greater_Melbourne_Victoria.html (Accessed: 08 June 2023).

Fortress of Suomenlinna, Finland
This one just reminds me of what my design looks like. it inspired it as well, long and narrow to fit the property.

Due to its long form, it gives me a general idea of what could replace the current property.
Masada, Israel

It is super duper old but still worked, plus it gives me better ideas for a building that might have people congregate to it. 




-newcob, tim (2021) The world’s 30 most impressive fortresses, Popular Mechanics. Available at: https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/g2441/the-worlds-20-most-impressive-fortresses/?slide=6 (Accessed: 08 June 2023).

My design for a parks building relates to SDG target 11.3, "By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries", by making the community area more assessable to the public, and over all a better place to be. my model is extreme but gives the general concept while being scaled down.